What is Prior Authorization in healthcare?
Prior authorization (PA) is often used with expensive prescription drugs. Health insurance companies use prior authorization to verify that a certain drug, procedure, or treatment is medically necessary before it is done or prescribed. Put simply. It is the process of getting approval from your health insurance company (not your doctor) to obtain a prescription or treatment.
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Here are five prior authorization challenges to consider:
1. Time-Consuming for Doctors
According to Medical Economics, many physicians have long expressed their dissatisfaction with the time they and their staff have to spend interacting with health plans. When a prescription needs authorizing, this takes a lot of admin time, including when a physician has to spend persuading an insurance company to cover a medication or an expensive procedure.
Per the AMA, “Ninety percent of surveyed physicians reported that the PA process delays patient access to necessary care. Forty-four percent of doctors say PA requests “often or always” hold up care. And those delays are often lengthy, with 26 percent of physicians saying that, in the prior week, they waited three business days or more on average to receive PA decisions from health plans.”
There are multiple steps that a physician has to follow to complete prior authorizations. This can involve securing the correct form, fill it out with the required information, submitting the form to the plan, etc. In particular, holding time is long when trying to reach a customer service representative in the insurance company, with hold times averaging 20 minutes or more. Many physicians will tell you that the overall process can take 30-45 minutes for each PA submission.
Many real-life case studies demonstrate prior authorization challenges. Danielle Ofri, an associate professor at New York University School of Medicine, speaks of her experience with PA as “frustrating.” In one example, Dr. Opri had to go through four phone calls and four customer-care representatives to request 90 pills each month for her patient who suffers from high blood pressure, rather than the 45, which the company recommended. The issue was that the 45 pills a month was the maximum allowed for this particular medication. After submitting a list of information, including a list of all the blood-pressure medications that the patient had been on in the past, including dates of initiation and relevant lab values, Dr. Ofri received approval from the representative after going back and forth countless times. According to Dr. Ofri, the time spent on the phone could have been put to better use for patient care.
Kevin de Regnier, DO, a solo family practitioner in Winterset, Iowa, also speaks of his negative experience with prior authorization, which has grown steadily during his 26 years of practice. According to de Regnier, the nurses spend about 10% of their time each day on prior authorization. “It’s an unreimbursed cost of providing care, and unfortunately, we don’t have the financial resources to bring in someone to do prior auth exclusively, even on a part-time basis,” he says.
Unfortunately, they are not alone; a survey found that 84% of responding physicians believe the burden of PAs is high or extremely high. Another 86% of physicians also responded that the burden of PAs has increased over the past five years, which takes away the time that physicians can care for their patients.
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2. Costly for Healthcare Practices
Although PA has been an issue among healthcare providers for many years, little is known about the cost, either to individual practices or the healthcare system as a whole. In 2009, one study estimated that, on average, prior authorization requests consumed about 20 hours a week per medical practice: one hour of the doctor’s time, nearly six hours of clerical time, plus 13 hours of nurses’ time.
A study by Health Affairs further revealed that practices spent an average of $68,274 per physician per year interacting with health plans when the time is converted to dollars. This equates to $23 billion and $31 billion annually! Prior authorization ultimately ends up costing the health care system more than it saves.
3. The Process Problem
More drugs than ever before require prior authorization. The number of insurance plans is increasing as well, each with its own forms and policies. This makes it difficult for providers to keep up as the requirements keep changing.
Failure to obtain proper authorizations can have a drastic effect on the practice income. No authorization means no payment. Insurers won’t pay for procedures if the correct prior authorization isn’t received, and most contracts restrict you from billing the patient. PA denials result in lost revenue, declines in provider and patient satisfaction, and delays in patient care.
The chart below demonstrates this and shows how much revenue is lost due to authorization.
Despite the effort to save cost on the insurer’s side, it is unclear whether insurance companies are saving money in the long run. One study examined the records of more than 4,000 patients with Type 2 diabetes who were prescribed medications requiring prior authorizations. Those who were denied the medications had higher overall medical costs during the following year; not getting the medications probably worsened their conditions. Therefore it cost insurers more in the long term as they seek other treatment and medication.
Although PA is widely implemented as a cost-containment measure, it is a labor-intensive procedure for health care providers, patients, pharmacists, and pharmacy benefit plans. Denied claims create the need for manual intervention; this increases practice costs and administrative transaction costs (just under $14 per transaction).
A common problem with many busy practices is that many claim denials sit unworked since denials are usually the most difficult and time-consuming work for billing staff. PA requires multiple letters with supporting documentation and multiple telephone conversations. Consequently, PA costs are expensive, administratively daunting, and unsustainable for most primary care providers.
4. Patient Delay
The real impact of PA is often felt by patients who are delayed in getting their medication or treatment. As a patient, PA problems can create a huge interruption; they have to determine whether the process is stalled out with the doctor, the insurance company, or the pharmacy.
Nearly all physicians noted that wait times corresponded with delays in necessary care, which added to the risk of adverse events. Significantly, 78% of respondents said that PAs could result in patients forgoing necessary treatments, according to the release.
Up to 92% of doctors say that prior authorization harms patient access to care, ultimately damaging clinical quality outcomes. While the process brings a certain accountability and cost containment, several hours are lost in productivity.
For a submission to get authorized, approximately 64% of physicians waited for at least one business day for a PA decision, and 30% said they waited three or more business days, according to the AMA. During this time, patients are unable to start treatment. These long wait times harm patient experience and patient care. For many practices, the burden of the PA process causes them to abandon a preferred therapy in favor of a different formulary medication.
5. Process Management
The management of PA can sometimes be difficult to manage as the requirements can vary widely from one insurer to another. Each of them also has a different process for submitting prior authorization requests. This means the process cannot be standardized at times and must be done manually, which, of course, can drain resources and time if this is already limited.
Even when the practice has provided a request in a timely way, the insurer may still end up not paying for the prescribed medication or treatment. Unfortunately, claims with prior authorizations are denied more often than you might think. Insurance companies can deny a request for prior authorization for reasons such as:
- The doctor or pharmacist didn’t complete the necessary steps
- Filling the wrong paperwork or missing information such as service code or date of birth
- The physician’s office neglected to contact the insurance company due to a lack of time
- The pharmacy didn’t bill the insurance company properly
- Outdated information – claims can be denied due to outdated insurance information, such as sending the claim to the wrong insurance company
- The insurer failed to notify the pharmacy
- The approval expired after a limited time (normally 30 days)
The chart below shows the reason PA was denied:
Image source: Managed Care
From the chart, it is clear that most payers report their denials due to the failure of physicians not meeting their guidelines – 70% of payers say that they deny requests because what is sent over is not consistent with their listing/guidelines. Whereas from the practice manager’s perspectives, 42% of requests were denied due to them not meeting the guideline, therefore there is a slight discrepancy between the two.
However, one significant difference in perception between the practices and payers is the denials for medical necessity. Only 12% of payers say they base their denials on medical necessity, yet 51% of practices say they receive denials for this reason. Payers and physician practice managers have different perceptions of why authorizations are denied.
What can be done to improve the Prior Authorization process?
Although prior authorization is an unavoidable step in many practices, the current process is all too often manual. It involves prescribers, payers, pharmacists, and patients in a cumbersome flow of information that may result in delays in treatment and dissatisfaction for all. As a result, many implement electronic prior authorization solutions to address common issues with the approvals process. ReferralMD integrates directly with electronic health records (EHRs), enabling healthcare professionals to easily obtain prior authorizations in real-time at the point of care. This also eliminates time-consuming paper forms, faxes, and phone calls.
In 81% of instances where claims are denied, prior authorization was either not obtained or not handled properly. By initiating automated prior authorization processes for hospitals, front-end denials are reduced. Healthcare surveys revealed that prior electronic authorization could save as much as 416 hours per year! In 2015, the average cost to a fully electronic prior authorization provider was $1.89 compared to $7.50 for entirely manual authorization.
The prior authorization process demonstrates the incredible amount of clerical time that it takes: up to about 50% of the physicians’ time in the office. At the same time, less than 30 percent of the day is spent on direct clinical care. These growing diversions from patient care act as physicians’ biggest source of professional dissatisfaction.
To simplify the prior authorization process, there may be improved ways to achieve the “Quadruple Aim” of healthcare. The Quadruple Aim includes Improved Patient Experience, Better Outcomes, Lower Costs, and Improved Clinical Experience. If healthcare technology can help physicians automate approvals, they would be free to pursue better care, improved health outcomes, lower costs, and enhanced clinical experiences.
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